Biomarkers Library

Common blood and urine biomarkers explained — what each marker measures, typical reference ranges, and what may affect them.

• Hemoglobin: What It Measures and Common Ranges
  Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Learn what it measures, typical ranges, and what abnormal values may indicate.
• Creatinine: A Marker of Kidney Function
  Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys and is used to estimate kidney function. Learn what the value means and common ranges.
• Vitamin D (25-OH): What It Measures
  25-hydroxy vitamin D is the most common marker of vitamin D status. Learn what the value reflects and typical interpretation bands.